Grassy stuntinfected rice plants show pronounced stunting and proliferation of short, erect, and narrow leaves that are pale green or pale yellow. Rice grassy stunt virus rgsv disease grassy stunt occurs in south and. Rice grassy stunt virus p5 interacts with two protein. Non coding rnas have important functions in development and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in numerous organsisms.
Rice grassy stunt virus reduces yields by inhibiting panicle production. Rice grassy stunt virus affects rice crops in areas where continuous and yearround rice growing is. Application of virusderived small interfering rnas. Coinfection of two reoviruses increases both viruses. Malware discovered that can control a macs webcam and keyboard, but its old and possibly abandoned.
Bacterial and viral diseases of rice linkedin slideshare. Suppression of wheat streak mosaic virus by chemical control of the wheat. In sdsimmunodiffusion tests with antiserum to rice stripe virus, rice grassy stunt virus formed a single band of precipitate, and a spur formed between this band and that produced by rice stripe virus hibino. Viruses free fulltext evaluation of rice resistance. Healthy wheat a and stunted wheat streak mosaic virusinfected wheat b. The resistance of the pest to several insecticides and resurgence with others makes effective chemical control more complicated than originally thought heinrichs. The virus consists of rice grassy stunt virus rgsv and rice ragged stunt virus rrsv that is transmitted by. Rice grassy stunt caused by rice grassy stunt virus, a member of tenuivirus it is transmitted by bph symptoms. The crops raised both through true seed and vegetative. Ragged stunt virus tamil nadu agricultural university. Viral particles are 6365 nm in diameter and consist of five proteins. Rice ragged stunt virus can affect up to 75% of plants in a crop.
The virus exists in the vector and in the rice crop. Proteomes rice yellow stunt virus rysv rice transitory yellowing virus all. In this study, rice cultivars with high resistance to srbsdv and rrsv were evaluated through field trials in shidian and mangshi county, yunnan province, china. Here, we studied accumulation of three nonstructural proteins, a 23kda p2. Information about rice grassy stunt virus diagnosis, including distribution and. P2 of rice grassy stunt virus rgsv and p6 and p9 of rice ragged stunt virus rrsv isolates from vietnam exert. The virus consists of rice grassy stunt virus rgsv and rice ragged stunt virus rrsv that is transmitted by brown planthopper wbc in a persistent propagative manner.
Nac transcription factor family genes are differentially expressed in rice during infections with rice dwarf virus, rice black streaked dwarf virus, rice grassy stunt virus, rice ragged stunt virus and rice. Rice grassy stunt virus rgsv, tenuivirus recently emerged on rice in vietnam, causing high yield losses during 20062009. Rice grassy stunt virus rgsv a member of tenuivirus family, is very potent and destructive which effects rice crop in many countries, particularly china. Rice is often subjected to biotic stressors, such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Infection route of rice grassy stunt virus, a tenuivirus, in. Rice grassy stunt virus strain 1 plants infected by rice grassy stunt virus strain 1 rgsv1 show severe stunting, excessive tillering and an erect growth habit. Strains and variants differentiated via symptomatology, insect transmission and. The virus is circulative and propagative in the insect vectors. This can be done either through the use of insecticides, brown plant hopper. There is three type of small non coding rnas have been found in eukaryotes, which are small interferring rnas. Gsv is defined as grassy stunt virus somewhat frequently.
Brown planthopper nymphs and adults transmit it where rice is grown. Detection of rice ragged stunt virus in insect vectors by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Both rice blackstreaked dwarf shikata, 1974 and rice gall dwarf omura et al. Rice tungro disease, the most important viral disease of rice, is widespread in south and southeast asia and is believed to be responsible for annual losses nearing 10 billion us dollars worldwide. Control center has taken that option hostage as well. It is also a host of rice ragged stunt oryzavirus rrsv salamat et al. Silicon amendment to rice plants contributes to reduced. The problem is that you cannot get past the control center screen to access your desktop so that you can install anything. Application of virusderived small interfering rnas vsirnas. The brown planthopper bph, nilaparvata lugens attacks rice plant and sucks fluid from the vascular bundle. This can be done either through the use of insecticides, brown plant hopperresistant varieties, or synchronized crop establishment.
Diagnosing rice grassy stunt virus in indonesia using rtlamp. The virus is acquired within a feeding period of 24 hours. Plant virus and subviral pathogens pose severe constraints to the production of wide range of economically important crops worldwide. Interplanting with a species that is a good host for the vector, but not the virus may reduce virus incidence. Law enforcement agents are now investigating what appears to be a slice of malicious code thats been.
In recent years, rice production in china has suffered from two emerging viruses, namely, southern rice blackstreaked. They are mainly caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Infected stubble needs to be plowed under after harvest to reduce the virus source. Southern rice blackstreaked dwarf virus srbsdv directly. Therefore, determining rice cultivars with high resistance to srbsdv and rrsv is necessary. In addition to rice, oryza latifolia oryza latifolia subject category. P2 of rice grassy stunt virus rgsv and p6 and p9 of rice. Attack of this pest has caused intermittent serious famines in the east asia since ancient times.
Symptoms of the disease, which occurred in the philippines and elsewhere, include twisted leaves, delay in flowering, production of nodal branches, incomplete emergence of panicles and panicles bearing. The genetic diversity of rgsv is poorly documented. Common rice diseases am sinohin linkedin slideshare. Srbsdv is a novel species in genus fijivirus and transmitted by the whitebacked plant hopper wbph, sogatella furcifera, while rrsv belongs to the genus oryzavirus and is vectored by the brown plant hopper bph, nilaparvata lugens.
The genome consists of ten doublestranded rna segments. The virus is found in south and southeast asia, china, japan, and taiwan. Gsv1 and gsv2 in the philippines, wilted stunt virus gsw, grassy stunt b gsv. Rice grassy stunt virus rgsv, a tenuivirus, is transmitted by the brown planthopper bph, nilaparvata lugens hemiptera, delphacidae, in a persistentpropagative manner. Microarray analysis showed that 75 68% osnac genes were differentially regulated during infection with rdv, rbsdv, rgsv, and rrsv compared with. In the 1970s, a pathogen called the grassystunt virus greatly decreased cultivated rice plant populations. The virus may enter into plants through seed planting materials or by vectors. Same vector nilaparvata lugens the brown plant hopper. Although chemicals can afford substantial control of bph, it is reported that high insecticide resistance, resurgence of the pest, and high chemical residues. Scientists found one wild relative of the rice plant in india that was resistant to the grassy stunt virus, and today hybrid rice plants with that resistant gene are grown across asia. Plant viruses online rice grassy stunt tenuivirus biomirror. The crops raised both through true seed and vegetative propagated materials are affected with number of virus and virus like diseases.
Mar 24, 2014 southern rice blackstreaked dwarf virus srbsdv is a recently discovered member of the genus fijivirus and it is transmitted by the rice whitebacked planthopper wbph, sogatella furcifera horvath. Evaluation of rice resistance to southern rice blackstreaked. This information is part of a full datasheet available in the crop protection. Creepy fruitfly surveillance malware hits american apple. Apr 04, 2014 rice grassy stunt caused by rice grassy stunt virus, a member of tenuivirus it is transmitted by bph symptoms. Malware discovered that can control a macs webcam and. The disease was caused by a virus transmitted by the brown leafhopper, nilaparvata lugens nilaparvata lugens subject category. So, forget about installing any antithisware or antithatware, it just cant be done. Planting a resistant variety is the simplest and, often, the most cost effective management for diseases. Rice grassy stunt virus rgsv is a plant pathogenic virus transmitted by the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens, and two other nilaparvata species, n. Field trials in indonesia indicate that with a rice. It was found that srbsdv infected vectors might contribute negatively to the wbph population, although the longer nymphal period might benefit viral acquisition, transmission and increase.
Negative control samples were obtained from rice plants grown in a greenhouse. Strong resistance against rice grassy stunt virus is induced. Targeting of rice grassy stunt virus pc6 protein to. Strong resistance against rice grassy stunt virus is. Southern rice blackstreaked dwarf virus srbsdv and rice ragged stunt virus rrsv are members of reoviridae family. To control rice grassy stunt virus the brown planthopper vectors need to be managed. Viruses free fulltext evaluation of rice resistance to. Infection route of rice grassy stunt virus, a tenuivirus. Molecular diversity of rice grassy stunt virus in vietnam. P2 of rice grassy stunt virus rgsv and p6 and p9 of rice ragged stunt virus rrsv isolates from vietnam exert suppressor activity on the rna silencing pathway. Detection and analysis of protein profile on rice infected by. Here we examined gene responses of rice to rgsv infection to gain insight into the gene responses which might be associated with the disease symptoms.
The effect of the virus, while found in most cultivars, will vary in its intensity. Law enforcement agents are now investigating what appears to be a slice of malicious code thats been hitting mac. The genome of rice grassy stunt virus rgsv consists of 6 ambisense rna segments, among which rnas 1, 2, 5 and 6 are equivalent to rnas 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, of rice stripe virus. Oct 09, 20 detection of rice ragged stunt virus in insect vectors by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. In sdsimmunodiffusion tests with antiserum to rice stripe virus, rice grassy stunt virus formed a single band of precipitate, and a spur formed between this band and that produced by rice stripe virus hibino et al. Rice yellow stunt virus rysv rice transitory yellowing. The genome of rice grassy stunt virus rgsv consists of 6 ambisense rna segments, among which rnas 1, 2, 5 and 6 are equivalent to rnas 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, of rice stripe virus, the type species of the genus tenuivirus. Scientists found one wild relative of the rice plant in india that was resistant to the grassystunt virus. The virus vector interaction belonged to the persistent group without transovarial passage. Xiong g 1, liu x 1, qiu p 1, wu x 1, du z2, zhang j 1, yang l 1, wu z3.
It is often not possible to quantify how much of the crop loss was due to rrsv, rgsv, or bph feeding damage. To confirm rice grassy stunt check for the presence of the brown planthopper vector, vein swelling and dark green color of leaves as well as severe stunting. Rice stunt virus is one of the limiting factors in the decline of rice production in indonesia. In addition to sucking damage, bph is a vector for the rice ragged stunt virus rrsv and rice grassy stunt virus rgsv. The bph damages rice plants by feeding on sap from phloem and xylem, and transmitting viruses such as rice grassy stunt virus and rice ragged stunt virus wei and li, 2016. Targeting of rice grassy stunt virus pc6 protein to plasmodesmata requires the ertogolgi secretory pathway and an actinmyosin viii motility system.
Expression levels of the nac gene family were studied in rice infected with rice dwarf virus rdv, rice blackstreaked dwarf virus rbsdv, rice grassy stunt virus rgsv, rice ragged stunt virus rrsv, and rice transitory yellowing virus rtyv. Diseases caused by southern rice blackstreaked dwarf virus srbsdv and rice ragged stunt virus rrsv considerably decrease grain yield. Srbsdv is a novel species in genus fijivirus and transmitted by the. Although some symptom differences can be recognised, they are greatly affected by the age of the plants, date of infection and. The leaves are short, narrow, palegreen or paleyellow and often have numerous darkbrown or rustcoloured spots of various shapes and sizes, which may form blotches. Diseased hills are severely stunted with excessive tillering and a very upright growth habit diseased hills has a grassy and rosette appearance leaves short, narrow, and yellowish green with numerous small rusty spots or patches, which. The insect also transmits grassy stunt and ragged stunt virus diseases ling, 1972. The stunting and excessive tillering symptoms of rice grassy stunt can be confused for symptoms of rice yellow dwarf and rice dwarf disease. Colonization of rice fields by nilaparvata lugens stal and. From 1970 to 1977, rgsv incidence was high in indonesia. Rgsv is a member of the genus tenuivirus, and it induces leaf yellowing, stunting, and excess tillering on rice plants. Antiserum to rice grassy stunt virus did not react with rice stripe virus. Growing resistant varieties is the most efficient method to control rgsv.
Rice grassy stunt virus rgsv rice ragged stunt virus rrsv mixed infections common same vector nilaparvata lugens the brown plant hopper hosts oryza spp. Rice grassy stunt virus rgsv is a plant pathogenic virus transmitted by the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens, and two other nilaparvata species. Rice grassy stunt virus rgsv, a tenuivirus, is transmitted by the brown planthopper bph, nilaparvata lugens hemiptera, delphacidae, in a persistentpropagative manner, that is, the virus also replicates in its insect vector hibino et al. In lebanon, insectproof nets and sticky yellow traps are used for control aboujawdah et. Bph has been used in many countries in asia to control bph and the viruses they. Rice grassy stunt virus rgsv, a member of the genus tenuivirus, causes significant economic losses in rice production in south, southeast, and east asian countries. In this study, immunofluorescence microscopy was used to investigate the infection route of rgsv in the internal organs of bph after acquiring the virus by feeding on rgsvinfected rice plants.
In the 1970s, a pathogen called the grassy stunt virus greatly decreased cultivated rice plant populations. Jul 25, 2017 malware discovered that can control a mac s webcam and keyboard, but its old and possibly abandoned. It is transmitted in a persistent manner by planthoppers, especially nilaparvata lugens. Field trials in indonesia indicate that with a rice ragged stunt incidence of 3476%, grain yields are only 1747% of healthy plant yields. To confirm rice grassy stunt virus, check for grassy or rosette appearance of plants and prominent rusty spots on the leaves. Frontiers nac transcription factor family genes are. Grassy stunt infected rice plants show pronounced stunting and proliferation of short, erect, and narrow leaves that are pale green or pale yellow.
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